How to change favicon in blogger

Blogger supplies every blog with the standard orange “B” blogger favicon. Having your own unique favicon is a great way to give your blogger template both a distinct and explicit brand. These small 16X16 pixel images will most definitely help your blog stand out from the rest of the blogspot blogs.

 

 

 

What is a Favicon?

A favicon is a small 16X16 image located at the top of your browser in the url bar.

How to Change your Favicon

1. First go to Layout >Edit HTML in your Blogger Dashboard.
2. Backup your existing template before making any changes!
3. Place the code below directly below the </head> tag in your template.

<link href=’http://bsaves.com/HowHero/Blogger%20Templates/moonspot/images/favicon.ico’ rel=’shortcut icon’ type=’image/vnd.microsoft.icon’ /> <link href=’http://bsaves.com/HowHero/Blogger%20Templates/moonspot/images/favicon.ico’ rel=’icon’/>

4. Now save your template.
5. Once your template is saved view your blog and make sure to refresh the page and delete your cookies.

Creating your own Favicon

1. Replace the image URL (2X) with your own 16 pixel by 16 pixel image hosted on the internet.
http://bsaves.com/HowHero/Blogger%20Templates/moonspot/images/favicon.ico
2. You can host your own favicon blogger image at sites such as ImageShack; PhotoBucket; Flickr; etc.
3. Check out this Favicon Generator Tool which allows you to upload an image and it will format it for you!

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Using Latex from Blogger

So, you’ve just moved to Blogger and you want to blog with properly typeset equations? That seems like a requirement for some sorts of blogs (possibly not possessing an astoundingly large audience).

Unfortunately, a web search only revealed no ready-made solutions. The most promising option was a Greasemonkey script from Wolverinex02¹. But, it used a web service to interpret

which is no longer supported. The second most promising option was the wonderful site CodeCogs. CodeCogs has many ways to render , a page on Blogger integration, and two JavaScript scripts to automatically render snippets in the page. There is only one problem with their suggested approach. Most readers use an RSS aggregator to follow feeds, and the JavaScript will be bypassed. But CodeCogs does have a CGI renderer just like the one used by the Greasemonkey script.

All that is needed then is to combine the two options. My trivial contribution to Blogger equation typesetting is this Greasemonkey script.²

The following has changed since the original script:

• Use CodeCogs for rendering.
• Use CodeCogs to render the icon in the Blogger editor.
• Some formatting changes for readability.
• Support for unrendering. This was a useful missing feature.
• Added alt text for typeset equations.

Install it as you would any other Greasemonkey script. To install in Chrome, you can save the file and then drag it onto the browser window. In the Blogger rich editor for creating new posts or editing existing posts, there will be two new buttons labelled

and . They do what they say. equations should be included between double dollar signs, not single dollar signs or \(\) or \[\]. And the script will fail miserably if the equations contain double quotes.

Typeset away…

¹ I believe this is his blog.

² In Blogger settings, choose the “old” editor

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How to save computer crash from crash | save computer crash from crash

The main disadvantage of PC Crash is loss of your Important files or data and This is very common problem in these days. So Today in this Trick I am going to share some reasons why your PC crashes and their solutions. There are many signs when your PC creash But The comman fetal error that comes when your pc crash.

Fatal error: When the system has become unstable or is busy then it says. "Enter to return to Windows" or "press Control-Alt-Delete to restart your computer". If you do this you will lose any unsaved information in all open applications."

You have just been struck by the Blue Screen of Death. Anyone who uses Microsoft Windows will be familiar with this.

What can you do? More importantly, how can you prevent it happening?

Hardware conflict:

The number one reason why Windows crashes is hardware conflict. Each hardware device communicates to other devices through an interrupt request channel (IRQ). These are supposed to be unique for each device. For example, a printer usually connects internally on IRQ 7. The keyboard usually uses IRQ 1 and the floppy disk drive IRQ 6. Each device will try to hog a single IRQ for itself. If there are a lot of devices, or if they are not installed properly, two of them may end up sharing the same IRQ number. When the user tries to use both devices at the same time, a crash can happen.

The way to check if your computer has a hardware conflict is through the following route:

• Goto Start >> Settings >> Control Panel >> System-Device Manager.

Often if a device has a problem a yellow sign '!' appears next to its description in the Device Manager. Highlight Computer (in the Device Manager) and press Properties to see the IRQ numbers used by your computer. If the IRQ number appears twice, two devices may be using it.

Sometimes a device might share an IRQ with something described as 'IRQ holder for PCI steering'. This can be ignored. The best way to fix this problem is to remove the problem device and reinstall it.

Sometimes you may have to find more recent drivers on the internet to make the device function properly. A good resource is www.driverguide.com. If the device is a soundcard, or a modem, it can often be fixed by moving it to a different slot on the motherboard (be careful about opening your computer, as you may void the warranty).When working inside a computer you should switch it off, unplug the mains lead and touch an unpainted metal surface to discharge any static electricity. To be fair to Mcft, the problem with IRQ numbers is not of its making. It is a legacy problem going back to the first PC designs using the IBM 8086 chip. Initially there were only eight IRQs. Today there are 16 IRQs in a PC. It is easy to run out of them. There are plans to increase the number of IRQs in future designs.

Bad Ram:

Ram (random-access memory) problems might bring on the blue screen of death with a message saying Fatal Exception Error. A fatal error indicates a serious hardware problem. Sometimes it may mean a part is damaged and will need replacing. But a fatal error caused by Ram might be caused by a mismatch of chips. For example, mixing 70-nanosecond (70ns) Ram with 60ns Ram will usually force the computer to run all the Ram at the slower speed. This will often crash the machine if the Ram is overworked.

One way around this problem is to enter the BIOS settings and increase the wait state of the Ram. This can make it more stable. Another way to troubleshoot a suspected Ram problem is to rearrange the Ram chips on the motherboard, or take some of them out. Then try to repeat the circumstances that caused the crash. When handling Ram try not to touch the gold connections, as they can be easily damaged.

Parity error messages also refer to Ram. Modern Ram chips are either parity (ECC) or non parity (non-ECC). It is best not to mix the two types, as this can be a cause of trouble.

EMM386 error messages refer to memory problems but may not be connected to bad Ram. This may be due to free memory problems often linked to old Dos-based programmes.

BIOS settings:

Every motherboard is supplied with a range of chipset settings that are decided in the factory. A common way to access these settings is to press the F2 or delete button during the first few seconds of a boot-up.

Once inside the BIOS, great care should be taken. It is a good idea to write down on a piece of paper all the settings that appear on the screen. That way, if you change something and the computer becomes more unstable, you will know what settings to revert to.

A common BIOS error concerns the CAS latency. This refers to the Ram. Older EDO (extended data out) Ram has a CAS latency of 3. Newer SDRam has a CAS latency of 2. Setting the wrong figure can cause the Ram to lock up and freeze the computer's display.

Microsoft Windows is better at allocating IRQ numbers than any BIOS. If possible set the IRQ numbers to Auto in the BIOS. This will allow Windows to allocate the IRQ numbers (make sure the BIOS setting for Plug and Play OS is switched to 'yes' to allow Windows to do this.).

Viruses:

Often the first sign of a virus infection is instability. Some viruses erase the boot sector of a hard drive, making it impossible to start. This is why it is a good idea to create a Windows start-up disk.

• Go to >> Start-Settings >> Control Panel >> Add/Remove Programs

Here, look for the Start Up Disk tab. Virus protection requires constant vigilance. A virus scanner requires a list of virus signatures in order to be able to identify viruses. These signatures are stored in a DAT file. DAT files should be updated weekly from the website of your antivirus software manufacturer. An excellent antivirus programme is McAfee VirusScan by Network Associates(www.nai.com). Another is Norton AntiVirus 2000, made by Symantec (www.symantec.com).

Printers:

The action of sending a document to print creates a bigger file, often called a postscript file.

Printers have only a small amount of memory, called a buffer. This can be easily overloaded. Printing a document also uses a considerable amount of CPU power. This will also slow down the computer's performance.

If the printer is trying to print unusual characters, these might not be recognised, and can crash the computer. Sometimes printers will not recover from a crash because of confusion in the buffer. A good way to clear the buffer is to unplug the printer for ten seconds. Booting up from a powerless state, also called a cold boot, will restore the printer's default settings and you may be able to carry on.

Software:

A common cause of computer crash is faulty or badly-installed software. Often the problem can be cured by uninstalling the software and then reinstalling it. Use Norton Uninstall or Uninstall Shield to remove an application from your system properly. This will also remove references to the programme in the System Registry and leaves the way clear for a completely fresh copy.

The System Registry can be corrupted by old references to obsolete software that you thought was uninstalled. Use Reg Cleaner by Jouni Vuorio to clean up the System Registry and remove obsolete entries. It works on Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows 98 SE (Second Edition), Windows Millennium Edition (ME), NT4 and Windows 2000.

Read the instructions and use it carefully so you don't do permanent damage to the Registry. If the Registry is damaged you will have to reinstall your operating system. Often a Windows problem can be resolved by entering Safe Mode. This can be done during start-up. When you see the message "Starting Windows" press F4. This should take you into Safe Mode.

Safe Mode loads a minimum of drivers. It allows you to find and fix problems that prevent Windows from loading properly.

Sometimes installing Windows is difficult because of unsuitable BIOS settings. If you keep getting SUWIN error messages (Windows setup) during the Windows installation, then try entering the BIOS and disabling the CPU internal cache. Try to disable the Level 2 (L2) cache if that doesn't work.

Remember to restore all the BIOS settings back to their former settings following installation.

Overheating:

Central processing units (CPUs) are usually equipped with fans to keep them cool. If the fan fails or if the CPU gets old it may start to overheat and generate a particular kind of error called a kernel error. This is a common problem in chips that have been overclocked to operate at higher speeds than they are supposed to. One remedy is to get a bigger better fan and install it on top of the CPU.

CPU problems can often be fixed by disabling the CPU internal cache in the BIOS. This will make the machine run more slowly, but it should also be more stable.

Power supply problems:

With all the new construction going on around the country the steady supply of electricity has become disrupted. A power surge or spike can crash a computer as easily as a power cut.

If this has become a nuisance for you then consider buying a uninterrupted power supply (UPS). This will give you a clean power supply when there is electricity, and it will give you a few minutes to perform a controlled shutdown in case of a power cut.

It is a good investment if your data are critical, because a power cut will cause any unsaved data to be lost.

So these are some causes and precautions of why your PC crash. If you know something more then Please Share in the comment section below.

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Google Drive | Introducing Google Drive | What is Google Drive

Just like the Loch Ness Monster, you may have heard the rumors about Google Drive. It turns out, one of the two actually does exist.

Today, we’re introducing Google Drive—a place where ou can create, share, collaborate, and keep all of your stuff. Whether you’re working with a friend on a joint research project, planning a wedding with your fiancé or tracking a budget with roommates, you can do it in Drive. You can upload and access all of your files, including videos, photos, Google Docs, PDFs and beyond.

With Google Drive, you can:

• Create and collaborate. Google Docs is built right into Google Drive, so you can work with others in real time on documents, spreadsheets and presentations. Once you choose to share content with others, you can add and reply to comments on anything (PDF, image, video file, etc.) and receive notifications when other people comment on shared items.
• Store everything safely and access it anywhere (especially while on the go). All your stuff is just… there. You can access your stuff from anywhere—on the web, in your home, at the office, while running errands and from all of your devices. You can install Drive on your Mac or PC and can download the Drive app to your Android phone or tablet. We’re also working hard on a Drive app for your iOS devices. And regardless of platform, blind users can access Drive with a screen reader.
• Search everything. Search by keyword and filter by file type, owner and more. Drive can even recognize text in scanned documents using Optical Character Recognition (OCR) technology. Let’s say you upload a scanned image of an old newspaper clipping. You can search for a word from the text of the actual article. We also use image recognition so that if you drag and drop photos from your Grand Canyon trip into Drive, you can later search for [grand canyon] and photos of its gorges should pop up. This technology is still in its early stages, and we expect it to get better over time.

You can get started with 5GB of storage for free—that’s enough to store the high-res photos of your trip to the Mt. Everest, scanned copies of your grandparents’ love letters or a career’s worth of business proposals, and still have space for the novel you’re working on. You can choose to upgrade to 25GB for $2.49/month, 100GB for $4.99/month or even 1TB for $49.99/month. When you upgrade to a paid account, your Gmail account storage will also expand to 25GB.

Drive is built to work seamlessly with your overall Google experience. You can attach photos from Drive to posts in Google+, and soon you’ll be able to attach stuff from Drive directly to emails in Gmail. Drive is also an open platform, so we’re working with many third-party developers so you can do things like send faxes, edit videos andcreate website mockups directly from Drive. To install these apps, visit the Chrome Web Store—and look out for even more useful apps in the future.

This is just the beginning for Google Drive; there’s a lot more to come.

Get started with Drive today at drive.google.com/start

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HTML 5 | What is HTML 5 | Introducing HTML5

HTML5 may be the future of web design, but it's not yet a fully ratified language. It may therefore seem premature to embrace it, but HTML5 is already enjoying widespread adoption. The latest versions of the four most popular web browsers (Internet Explorer, Safari, Firefox and Chrome) already use HTML5, so it's safe to use HTML5 tags on your website.

HTML5 introduces a number of new tags and makes several others obsolete. That doesn't mean an earlier version, such as HTML4.01, won’t display properly in the latest web browsers, as they all have excellent backwards compatibility. However, you should swap obsolete tags for their HTML5 alternatives.

If you've already built a website, you should be familiar with using <div> to define a block on the page, which you can then style, up using CSS. This has been retained in HTML5, along with <span> (to pick out inline blocks for individual formatting) and joined by specific block types including <nav>, which is used to define a navigation element, such as a menu.

Many new tags help to define the content of a page rather than just position it within the flow. For example, <figure> ties an image to its caption, let ting you style the pair as a single block and to sub-style the contents- image and caption - individually inside it.

Even if you don't intend to revisit existing sites and recede them using HTML5, you should stop using tags such as <frameset>, <frame> and <noframes> as they have been deprecated, along with <strike>, <u> and <font>. Most of HTML4.01’s tag structure remains in place, however, with HTML5 building on it.

Beyond creating a clear distinction between content and presentation, HTML5 introduces elements that simplify the integration of non-textual material. The <canvas> tag, for example, provides a container for scripts that draw graphical elements such as shapes and graphs; while <audio> lets you embed audio directly on a page. The <video> tag does the same for visual content, with optional attributes for auto playing, embedded controls, looping and a poster frame that displays before the video kicks in.

New tags such as <video> let you use media content natively without any need for plug-ins

The code below will embed a file called barcelona.mp4 in your page, with accompanying controls. The video window is 640 by 480 pixels, and the movie file will load at the same time as the page. We've also specified a poster frame (barcelona.jpg) to display in the video box like a thumbnail on a DVD menu. No plug-ins are required. The text displayed between the opening and closing <video> tags handles errors, and is displayed if the visitor doesn't have a compatible browser:

<br /> <video src="barcelona . mp4" controls width="640" height="480" poster="barcelona.jpg" preload="preload">Sorry - no video for you. Please upgrade your browser. </video><br />

Add HTML5's New Markup Tags 

To demonstrate how easy HTML5 is to use; we'll build a simple page, using HTML5-native tags where possible. This should render properly in the latest versions of Internet Explorer, Firefox, Chrome and Safari. We'll then look at how CSS3 can style our on-page elements.

One benefit of HTML5 is evident in the new first line of every page: <!DOCTYPE HTML>. This is much simpler than its HTML4.01 equivalent. Following the head section, we'll add the new <header> and <nav> tags:

<br /> <!DOCTYPE HTML><br /> <html><br /> <head><br /> <title><br /> My first HTML5 page<br /> </title><br /> </head><br /> <body><br /> <header><br /> My first HTML5 web page<br /> </header><br /> <nav class="topmenu"><br /> <ul><li><a href="/">Home</a></li> <li><a href="about . php">About</a></li> <li><a href="email.php">Email</a></li> </ul></nav><br /> <br />

The <header> tag lets you address this section in CSS while also defining the content. Aggregators and search engines will understand its contents, and can use it in place of the page title in a list of search results. Likewise, <nav> defines a container for navigational elements. It doesn't define the presentation of the navigation, so a properly linked menu should still be handled using CSS.

Because both these tags are semantic - defining content rather than formatting it - they can be used anywhere you like, several times on the page. You might want to use a <header> as a cross heading before each block of text, and another <nav> further down your page so visitors can jump to a subsection. You can therefore apply specific styles to each tag. We've done this with the <nav> tag, formatting it using a class within CSS called 'topmenu', to denote the menu that runs across the top of the page.

Add the Main Body

With the menu and header out of the way, we can start to write the main body of the page:

<br /> <section><br /> <h1>Welcome to HTML5</h1><section><br /> <h2>What is HTML5?</h2><p>Body content appears here</p><aside><br /> <h3>Obsolete tags</h3><p>Related content appears here</p></aside><br /> </section><br /> </section><br /> <br />

The <section> tags group together various elements on the page and define the start and end points of a discrete section. In our example, one overall section holds the body of our page, with smaller subsections to tie together the heading of each part (<h2>) and its body content (<p>). These are merely a semantic hint, letting readers see where one part begins and ends.

Our first subsection contains an <aside>. This semantic tag ties together a less important header and body content, and it might be styled to sit to the side of the main page flow. In HTML4.01, we could have achieved the same effect by drawing out a <div> and floating it to the left or right. However, it wouldn't have been clear that this was related content when examining the underlying code. We can now close off our page with <footer> and <summary> tags:

<br /> <br /> <footer><br /> <section><br /> <summary>Get in touch</summary><br /> <p>Email us by clicking <a href="mailto : editor@emailprovider.co.uk"><br /> here</ a>.<br /> </section><br /> </footer><br /> </body><br /> </html><br /> <br />

In HTML4.01, footers were usually defined within a named <div>. As with <header>, having <footer> is a timesaver, helping to make the code readable and keeping elements addressable by CSS. The use of <section> ties together a summary and a paragraph. The summary defines the content that follows. You can have as many summaries as you want on the page and style them together or, by directly addressing 'footer section summary' in CSS, target one specific instance.

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50 TRICKS TO GET MORE PEOPLE TO LIKE YOUR FACEBOOK PAGE

There are over three million active facebook pages, and these pages are gaining millions of new fans every day.

Yes, I just said fans.

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top 10 tips for Facebook

Below is a listing of our top 10 tips for the popular social networking website Facebook.

Hide users, games, polls, etc.

It quickly gets annoying seeing some users posts, game invites, polls, etc. Hovering your mouse to the right of the post and clicking the Hide button as shown below can hide any post. Once this button is pressed you'll be prompted with the option to hide that user or in the case of a Facebook application the option to hide that application from ever showing up on your profile.

To unhide someone or unblock an application click the Edit Options link in the bottom right corner of the news feed as shown below.

Greasemonkey and FB Purity

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Windows 7 shortcuts | List of Windows 7 shortcuts | All shortcuts of windows 7

• Win+Home – Clear all windows except for the active window

• Win+Space – All windows become transparent

• Win+Up arrow – Maximize the active window

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Turn computer into a Wifi Hotspot or Modem | Turn laptop/pc into a Wifi Hotspot or Modem | how to convert computer to wifi hotspot

Turn your Laptop into a Wifi Hotspot or Modem

In our day-to-day life, internet is unavoidable. We often come across several situations where we need to share a single internet connection available at the time for more than one system. Example, in offices, colleges, hostels, hotels etc. Wi-Fi routers or LAN connections are used for such purposes.

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Disable Facebook Timeline | How To Disable Facebook Timeline

GOOGLE CHROME users follow the steps below :

• Right-click on Chrome Browser application (shortcut) and then click “Properties”.
• In the target box, add the following line of code leaving a space after chrome.exe
  

  Windows 7/Vista users need to add this
  –user-agent=”Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 6.0)”
  Windows XP users need to add this
  –user-agent=”Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 5.1)”

  
  

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Add Floating Social buttons to blogger blog | Add Floating Social buttons to blogspot

You might be using different social buttons script for you blogger blog posts so that the visitor/friend can like/+1/digg /tweet.
Here i bought a easiest way i.e. Floating social buttons on our blogger post.

Below is the steps to add Floating social buttons on blogger blog/blogspot

1. Log in to your blogger account and click on Design
2. You’re now looking at your blog’s layout, right? Click on Add A Gadget on the sidebar.
3. Select HTML/Java Script
4. Paste the code below into the box and save. There’s no need for a title.

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Google new Privacy and policy | Overview of Google new Privacy and policy

Easy to work across Google

Our new policy reflects our desire to create a simple product experience that does what you need, when you want it to. Whether you’re reading an email that reminds you to schedule a family get-together or finding a favorite video that you want to share, we want to ensure you can move across Gmail, Calendar, Search, YouTube, or whatever your life 

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How to increase Google Page rank | Ways to increase google page Rank

For all bloggers, their first aim is to increase google page rank and to increase the traffic of their site.
Here i will explain a simple and easy way to increase google pagerank for your blog

What is Google Page Rank ??

Google Page Rank is the measure of how important a site is for google.

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How to block any website in PC | Disable any website in PC | Block any website manually in PC

Blocking the website directly from the pc is best choice for parential control.You might have noticed that in some of the websites are not opening in particular computer, or for parential control. Here i am going to explain how to block any site manually in computer

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How to Host Wordpress.org Manually | How to Host Wordpress.org in free hosting server | How to host Wordpress.org on Byethost.com

Things You Need to Do to Install WordPress:-

1. Checking to ensure that you and your web host have the minimum requirements to run WordPress.
2. Download the latest release of WordPress.
3. Unzip the downloaded file to a folder on your hard drive.
4. Be prepared with a secure password for your Secret Key
5. Print this page out so you have it handy during the installation.

 

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How to add google sitemap in blogger | Add google sitemap in blogger | Google sitemap

Today i am going to explain how to add a GooGle site map to a Blogger blog :-

1. Login to Blogger Dashboard.
2. At the end of the page, under Tools and Resources box – Click on Webmaster Tools.
3. If asked, enter username and password again to Login.
4. Your Blogspot blog is now verified and it is added to Google Webmaster tools.
5. In Webmaster tools, click on Submit a Sitemap and  paste the below code inside the box:
     
   atom.xml?redirect=false&start-index=1&max-results=100
    
6. If your site contain more than 200 posts then replace value 100 by something bigger number like 300.
7. You have successfully added the Google Sitemap.

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Back links | What are back links | Describe Backlinks | Importance of Back Links

Search engines often use the number of backlinks that a website has as one of the most important factors for determining that website's search engine ranking, popularity and importance. Google's description of their PageRank system, for instance, notes that Google interprets a link from page A to page B as a vote, by page A, for page B. Knowledge of this form of search engine rankings has fueled a portion of the SEO industry commonly termed linkspam, where a company attempts to place as many inbound links as possible to their site regardless of the context of the originating site.

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Add a pop up email subscription to your blog | A a feed burner email subsciption to blog

If you are a google adsense user and a experienced blogger, then you might be knowing that adsense is giving a revenue on feedburner email subscription.

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Add Custom Domain to Blogger | How to add custom domain in blogger

Blogger allows you to move your blogspot URL to a custom .net,.com,.org or any other valid domain.There are two methods for moving your blog from blogspot to a custom domain.

1. Purchase your domain directly Blogger(Easiest One)
2. Purchasing domain from any other registrar like godaddy,Everydns etc.

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IPv4 and IPv6 | Difference between IPv4 and IPv6

In 1991, the IETF decided that the current version of IP, called IPv4, had outlived its design. The new version of IP, called either IPng (Next Generation) or IPv6 (version 6), was the result of a long and tumultuous process which came to a head in 1994, when the IETF gave a clear direction for IPv6. IPv6 is designed to solve the problems of IPv4.It does so by creating a new version of the protocol which serves the function of IPv4, but without the same limitations of IPv4. IPv6 is not totally different from IPv4: what you have learned in IPv4 will be valuable when you deploy IPv6.The differences between IPv6 and IPv4 are in five major areas: addressing and routing, security, network address translation, administrative workload, and support for mobile devices. IPv6 also includes an important feature: a set of possible migration and transition plans from IPv4.Since 1994, over 30 IPv6 RFCs have been published. Changing IP means changing dozens of Internet protocols and conventions, ranging from how IP addresses are stored in DNS (domain name system) and applications, to how datagrams are sent and routed over Ethernet, PPP, Token Ring, FDDI, and every other medium, to how programmers call network functions.The IETF, though, is not so insane as to assume that everyone is going to change everything overnight. So there are also standards and protocols and procedures for the coexistence of IPv4 and IPv6: tunneling IPv6 in IPv4, tunneling IPv4 in IPv6, running IPv4 and IPv6 on the same system (dual stack) for an extended period of time, and mixing and matching the two protocols in a variety of environments.Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPV4)Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) is the fourth version of the Internet Protocol (IP) and it is the first version of the protocol to be widely deployed. Together with IPv6, it is at the core of standards-based internetworking methods of the Internet. IPv4 is still by far the most widely deployed Internet Layer protocol.IPv4 is described in IETF publication RFC 791, replacing an earlier definition RFC 760. IPv4 is a connectionless protocol for use on packet-switched Link Layer networks e.g., Ethernet. It operates on a best effort delivery model, in that it does not guarantee delivery, nor does it assure proper sequencing, or avoid duplicate delivery.IPV4 does not contain error control or flow control mechanisms.However it discards data if found corrupted through the checksum method employed in header of the datagram. These aspects, including data integrity, are addressed by an upper layer transport protocol e.g., Transmission Control Protocol. Ipv4 is the fourth version of Internet protocol, but the first one to be widely deployed.It uses a 32 bit addressing and allows for 4,294,967,296 unique addresses. Ipv4 has four different class types, the class types are A, B, C, and D.IPV4IPV6Source and destination addresses are 32 bits (4 bytes) in length.Source and destination addresses are 128 bits (16 bytes) in length.IPSec support is optional.IPSec support is required.IPv4 header does not identify packet flow for QoS handling by routers.IPv6 header contains Flow Label field, which identifies packet flow for QoS handling by router.Both routers and the sending host fragment packets.Only the sending host fragments packets; routers do not.Header includes a checksum.Header does not include a checksum.Header includes options.All optional data is moved to IPv6 extension headers.Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) uses broadcast ARP Request frames to resolve an IP address to a link-layer address.Multicast Neighbor Solicitation messages resolve IP addresses to link-layer addresses.Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) manages membership in local subnet groups.Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD) messages manage membership in local subnet groups.ICMP Router Discovery is used to determine the IPv4 address of the best default gateway, and it is optional.ICMPv6 Router Solicitation and Router Advertisement messages are used to determine the IP address of the best default gateway, and they are required.Broadcast addresses are used to send traffic to all nodes on a subnet.IPv6 uses a link-local scope all-nodes multicast address.Must be configured either manually or through DHCP.Does not require manual configuration or DHCP.Uses host address (A) resource records in Domain Name System (DNS) to map host names to IPv4 addresses.Uses host address (AAAA) resource records in DNS to map host names to IPv6 addresses.Uses pointer (PTR) resource records in the IN-ADDR.ARPA DNS domain to map IPv4 addresses to host names.Uses pointer (PTR) resource records in the IP6.ARPA DNS domain to map IPv6 addresses to host names.Must support a 576-byte packet size (possibly fragmented).Must support a 1280-byte packet size (without fragmentation).

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